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Pakistan: Economic and Political Outline

Economic Indicators | Foreign Trade in Figures | Sources of General Economic Information | Political Outline

Economic Indicators

The GDP's growth rate remained positive despite the international economic crisis, thanks to the positive results of the agricultural sector. In recent years, the government made significant macro-economic reforms, which include the privatization of state-subsidized services, the institution of an anti-money laundering law, an increase in the harshness of punishment against the piracy of intellectual property and quick settlements for the disputes between investors. In the context of the fight against terrorism, the country has received substantial financial aid from the United States, an important factor for growth and economic stability. However, when this payments reached their end in October 2008, Pakistan asked aid from the IMF and adopted a stabilization plan which has obtained limited results. Despite a slight improvement, the country remains confronted with several difficulties: economic slowdown, budgetary deficit and insufficient growth of tax receipts. The major threats to Pakistan's economy are: international high prices in oil barrels, inflation, raw materials prices, a deficit on the balance of payments and political insecurity and uncertainty.

Since 2011, economic activity has not been sufficient to meet the challenges facing the Pakistani society. Growth has been declining (2.6% in 2011), the deficit reached 3.4% of the GDP and inflation reached 15%. The decrease in industrial production only testifies to the lack of investment and the chronic shortage of energy supply. The unemployment rate is estimated at about 7.5% and the level of underemployment is very high. Life expectancy is only 64 years and less than 55% of the population is literate. Moreover, the increasing poverty (22.3% of the population living below the poverty line) is the direct result of these economic difficulties and of problems of governance. Extreme poverty and underdevelopment are major problems, especially in rural areas. Lastly, the country's public debt stood at around 66.4% of GDP the end of 2011, up 17% compared to the previous year.

The perspectives of growth for 2012 are expected to be low due to the strong floods that again devastated the country in 2011. Thousands of agricultural workers lost their jobs and the cost of reconstruction is estimated at billions of US dollars. The country's economic situation therefore remains fragile and uncertian.

Main Indicators	2009	2010	2011	2012 (e)	2013 (e)
GDP (billions USD)	161.82	176.87	204.08	233.76	248.02
GDP (Constant Prices, Annual % Change)	1.7	3.8e	2.6	3.8	4.5
GDP per Capita (USD)	962	1,030e	1,164	1,307	1,359
General Government Gross Debt (in % of GDP)	57.4	56.8	57.6e	57.3	56.5
Inflation Rate (%)	20.8	11.7e	13.9e	14.0	12.0
Unemployment Rate (% of the Labor Force)	6.2	6.2	6.2	6.2	6.2
Current Account (billions USD)	-9.26	-3.95e	0.44	-3.88	-5.18
Current Account (in % of GDP)	-5.7	-2.2	0.2	-2.1	-

Source: IMF - World Economic Outlook Database ; World Bank , Last Available Data

Note: (e) Estimated Data

Main Sectors of Industry

The agricultural sector is the main pillar of the Pakistani economy. It contributes around 21.8% to the GDP and employs approximately 42% of the active population. Wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables and tobacco are the chief crops. Cattle livestock farming is also very important. Pakistan is the 4th largest cotton producer in the world and has abundant natural resources, mainly copper, oil and gas.

The industrial sector contributes up to 23.6% to the GDP. The major industries are textile production (the largest source of foreign exchange revenue), oil refining, metal processing, and the production of cement and fertilizers. Maritime transport is also a significant activity.

The tertiary sector contributes to around half of the GDP. Money transfers from Pakistanis working abroad create a considerable godsend financial income for the country.

Breakdown of Economic Activity By Sector	Agriculture	Industry	Services
Employment By Sector (in % of Total Employment)	44.7	20.1	35.2
Value Added (in % of GDP)	21.8	23.6	54.6
Value Added (Annual % Change)	2.0	4.9	4.6

Source: World Bank - Last Available Data.

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Monetary Indicators	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
Pakistani Rupee (PKR) - Average Annual Exchange Rate For 1 USD	60.27	60.74	70.41	81.71	85.19

Source: World Bank - Last Available Data.

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Indicator of Economic Freedom

Score:: 55.1/100
Position:: Mostly unfree
World Rank:: 118/179
Regional Rank:: 23/38

Distribution of Economic freedom in the world
Source: 2011 Index of Economic freedom, Heritage Foundation

Note: The Economic freedom index measure ten components of economic freedom, grouped into four broad categories or pillars of economic freedom: Rule of Law (property rights, freedom from corruption); Limited Government (fiscal freedom, government spending); Regulatory Efficiency (business freedom, labor freedom, monetary freedom); and Open Markets (trade freedom, investment freedom, financial freedom). Each of the freedoms within these four broad categories is individually scored on a scale of 0 to 100. A country’s overall economic freedom score is a simple average of its scores on the 10 individual freedoms.

Country Risk

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Foreign Trade in Figures

Despite its economic and political difficulties, Pakistan has taken steps to liberalize its trade and investments in the context of commitments made with the WTO, IMF, and the World Bank. The share of foreign trade in the country’s GDP is around 35%. The drop in global demand during 2008-9 resulted in a high trade deficit.

Pakistan's three main customers are the United States (more than 27%), the United Arab Emirates (7%) and Afghanistan (6.5%). The main export commodities are cotton, textiles, clothing and cereals.

Its three main import partners are Saudi Arabia (more than 11% of imports), the United Arab Emirates (11%) and China (11%). Pakistan mainly imports fuels, oil, vehicles, iron and steel.

60 years after the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, Pakistan and China continue to share the same strategic issue: how to counterbalance the Indian hegemony in Southern Asia. In addition to military cooperation, trade and investment also play a role and China's place as Pakistan's trading partner is becoming gradually more important.

Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Golf countries are also among the country's largest trading partners.

Foreign Trade Indicators	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011
Imports of Goods (million USD)	32,590	42,329	31,668	37,810	44,040
Exports of Goods (million USD)	17,838	20,323	17,523	21,515	25,790
Imports of Services (million USD)	8,426	9,286	5,902	6,481	7,231
Exports of Services (million USD)	2,224	2,531	2,548	2,949	3,394
Imports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change)	-3.5	3.5	-15.2	11.2	-
Exports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change)	2.3	-5.3	-3.3	14.1	-
Imports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP)	21.3	23.9	20.4	19.0	-
Exports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP)	14.2	12.9	12.8	12.9	-
Trade Balance (million USD)	10,587	-17,003	10,270	11,416	-
Trade Balance (Including Service) (million USD)	15,631	-22,132	-	-	-
Foreign Trade (in % of GDP)	35.5	36.7	33.2	31.9	-

Source: WTO - World Trade Organization ; World Bank , Last Available Data

Main Partner Countries

Main Customers (% of Exports)	2010
United States	17.2%
United Arab Emirates	8.6%
Afghanistan	7.9%
China	6.7%
United Kingdom	5.2%
Germany	4.6%
Turkey	3.0%
Italy	3.0%
Bangladesh	3.0%
Belgium	2.4%
Hong Kong	2.3%
Spain	2.2%
Saudi Arabia	1.9%
Netherlands	1.9%
France	1.7%
Sri Lanka	1.3%
South Korea	1.3%
India	1.3%
South Africa	1.2%
Canada	1.1%
See More Countries	54.5%

Main Suppliers (% of Imports)	2010
United Arab Emirates	14.0%
China	14.0%
Saudi Arabia	10.2%
Kuwait	6.9%
Malaysia	5.5%
United States	4.3%
Japan	4.2%
India	4.2%
Germany	2.6%
Singapore	2.4%
Iran	2.4%
Thailand	2.3%
South Korea	2.0%
Indonesia	1.8%
United Kingdom	1.7%
Italy	1.5%
Australia	1.2%
Canada	1.2%
France	1.1%
South Africa	1.0%
See More Countries	49.4%

Source: Comtrade, Last Available Data

Main Products

Main Exports (% of Exports)	2010
Bed-linen, table linen, toilet linen and kitchen...Bed-linen, table linen, toilet linen and kitchen linen of all types of textile materials (excl. floor-cloths, polishing-cloths, dish-cloths and dusters)	12.3%
RiceRice	10.6%
Cotton yarn other than sewing thread, containing >...Cotton yarn other than sewing thread, containing >= 85% cotton by weight (excl. that put up for retail sale)	7.6%
Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous...Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (excl. crude); preparations containing >= 70% by weight of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these oils being the basic constituents of the preparations, n.e.s.; waste oils containing mainly petroleum or bituminous minerals	5.6%
Men's or boys' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers,...Men's or boys' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts (excl. knitted or crocheted, wind-jackets and similar articles, separate waistcoats, track suits, ski suits and swimwear)	4.0%
Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 85% cotton...Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 85% cotton by weight and weighing > 200 g/m²	3.3%
Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 85% cotton...Woven fabrics of cotton, containing >= 85% cotton by weight and weighing <= 200 g/m²	3.1%
Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, of...Articles of apparel and clothing accessories, of leather or composition leather (excl. footware and headgear and parts thereof, and goods of chapter 95, e.g. shin guards, fencing masks)	2.8%
Men's or boys' shirts, knitted or crocheted (excl....Men's or boys' shirts, knitted or crocheted (excl. nightshirts, t-shirts, singlets and other vests)	2.7%
Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of...Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal clad with precious metal (excl. articles > 100 years old)	2.7%
Cement, incl. cement clinkers, whether or not...Cement, incl. cement clinkers, whether or not coloured	2.2%
Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets,...Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, dresses, skirts, divided skirts, trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts (excl. knitted or crocheted, wind-jackets and similar articles, slips, petticoats and panties, track suits, ski suits and swimwear)	1.9%
Woven fabrics of cotton, containing predominantly,...Woven fabrics of cotton, containing predominantly, but < 85% cotton by weight, mixed principally or solely with man-made fibres and weighing <= 200 g/m²	1.9%
Woven fabrics containing predominantly, but < 85%...Woven fabrics containing predominantly, but < 85% synthetic staple fibres by weight, mixed principally or solely with cotton and weighing <= 170 g/m²	1.7%
Made up articles of textile materials, incl. dress...Made up articles of textile materials, incl. dress patterns, n.e.s.	1.6%
T-shirts, singlets and other vests, knitted or...T-shirts, singlets and other vests, knitted or crocheted	1.4%
Panty hose, tights, stockings, socks and other...Panty hose, tights, stockings, socks and other hosiery, incl. stockings for varicose veins and footwear without applied soles, knitted or crocheted (excl. for babies)	1.3%
Men's or boys' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers,...Men's or boys' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts (excl. wind-jackets and similar articles, separate waistcoats, track suits, ski suits and swimwear)	1.2%
Instruments and appliances used in medical,...Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences, incl. scintigraphic apparatus, other electro-medical apparatus and sight-testing instruments, n.e.s.	1.1%
Cotton, neither carded nor combedCotton, neither carded nor combed	1.0%
Polyacetals, other polyethers and epoxide resins,...Polyacetals, other polyethers and epoxide resins, in primary forms; polycarbonates, alkyd resins, polyallyl esters and other polyesters, in primary forms	1.0%
Articles and equipment for general physical...Articles and equipment for general physical exercise, gymnastics, athletics, other sports, incl. table-tennis, or outdoor games, not specified or included in this chapter or elsewhere; swimming pools and paddling pools.	1.0%
Woven fabrics of cotton, containing predominantly,...Woven fabrics of cotton, containing predominantly, but < 85% cotton by weight, other than those mixed principally or solely with man-made fibres	0.9%
Leather further prepared after tanning or crusting...Leather further prepared after tanning or crusting "incl. parchment-dressed leather", of goats or kids, pigs, reptiles and other animals, without wool or hair on, and leather of hairless animals, whether or not split (excl. leather of bovine and equine animals, sheep and lambs, and chamois leather, patent leather and patent laminated leather, and metallized leather)	0.9%
Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength...Undenatured ethyl alcohol of an alcoholic strength by volume of >= 80%; ethyl alcohol and other spirits, denatured, of any strength	0.8%
Leather further prepared after tanning or crusting...Leather further prepared after tanning or crusting "incl. parchment-dressed leather", of bovine "incl. buffalo" or equine animals, without hair on, whether or not split (excl. chamois leather, patent leather and patent laminated leather, and metallized leather)	0.7%
Chromium ores and concentratesChromium ores and concentrates	0.7%
Frozen fish (excl. fish fillets and other fish...Frozen fish (excl. fish fillets and other fish meat of heading 0304)	0.6%
Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets,...Women's or girls' suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, dresses, skirts, divided skirts, trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts, knitted or crocheted (excl. wind-jackets and similar articles, slips, petticoats and panties, track suits, ski suits and swimwear)	0.6%
Carpets and other textile floor coverings, of...Carpets and other textile floor coverings, of textile materials, knotted, whether or not made-up	0.6%
Curtains, incl. drapes, and interior blinds;...Curtains, incl. drapes, and interior blinds; curtain or bed valances of all types of textile materials (excl. awnings and sunblinds)	0.5%
Citrus fruit, fresh or driedCitrus fruit, fresh or dried	0.5%
Mattress supports (excl. spring interiors for...Mattress supports (excl. spring interiors for seats); articles of bedding and similar furnishing, e.g. mattresses, quilts, eiderdowns, cushions, pouffes and pillows, fitted with springs or stuffed or internally filled with any material or of cellular rubber or plastics, whether or not covered (excl. pneumatic or water mattresses and pillows, blankets and covers)	0.4%
Woven fabrics of cotton, containing predominantly,...Woven fabrics of cotton, containing predominantly, but < 85% cotton by weight, mixed principally or solely with man-made fibres and weighing > 200 g/m²	0.4%
Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their...Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their fractions, partly or wholly hydrogenated, inter-esterified, re-esterified or elaidinized, whether or not refined, but not further prepared	0.4%
Dates, figs, pineapples, avocados, guavas, mangoes...Dates, figs, pineapples, avocados, guavas, mangoes and mangosteens, fresh or dried	0.4%
Women's or girls' blouses, shirts and...Women's or girls' blouses, shirts and shirt-blouses, knitted or crocheted (excl. t-shirts and vests)	0.4%
Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and...Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles, knitted or crocheted (excl. wadded waistcoats)	0.3%
Footwear with outer soles of rubber, plastics,...Footwear with outer soles of rubber, plastics, leather or composition leather and uppers of leather (excl. orthopaedic footwear, skating boots with ice or roller skates attached, and toy footwear)	0.3%
Medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed...Medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, put up in measured doses "incl. those in the form of transdermal administration" or in forms or packings for retail sale (excl. goods of heading 3002, 3005 or 3006)	0.3%
Gloves, mittens and mitts, knitted or crocheted ...Gloves, mittens and mitts, knitted or crocheted (excl. for babies)	0.3%
Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles "e.g., open seam...Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles "e.g., open seam or welded, riveted or similarly closed", of iron or steel (excl. of cast iron, seamless tubes and pipes and tubes and pipes having internal and external circular cross-sections and an external diameter of > 406,4 mm)	0.3%
Fabrics, knitted or crocheted, of a width of > 30...Fabrics, knitted or crocheted, of a width of > 30 cm (excl. warp knit fabrics "incl. those made on galloon knitting machines", those containing by weight >= 5% of elastomeric yarn or rubber thread, and pile fabrics, incl. "long pile", looped pile fabrics, labels, badges and similar articles, and knitted or crocheted fabrics, impregnated, coated, covered or laminated)	0.3%
Electric generating sets and rotary convertersElectric generating sets and rotary converters	0.3%
Crustaceans, fit for human consumption, whether in...Crustaceans, fit for human consumption, whether in shell or not, live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine, incl. crustaceans in shell cooked beforehand by steaming or by boiling in water; flours, meals and pellets of crustaceans, fit for human consumption	0.3%
Meat of bovine animals, fresh or chilledMeat of bovine animals, fresh or chilled	0.3%
Light-vessels, fire-floats, dredgers, floating...Light-vessels, fire-floats, dredgers, floating cranes, and other vessels the navigability of which is subsidiary to their main function; floating docks, floating or submersible drilling or production platforms (excl. fishing vessels and warships)	0.3%
Men's or boys' singlets and other vests,...Men's or boys' singlets and other vests, underpants, briefs, nightshirts, pyjamas, bathrobes, dressing gowns and similar articles (excl. knitted or crocheted)	0.3%
Woven fabrics containing predominantly, but < 85%...Woven fabrics containing predominantly, but < 85% synthetic staple fibres by weight, mixed principally or solely with cotton and weighing > 170 g/m²	0.3%
Articles for interior furnishing, of all types of...Articles for interior furnishing, of all types of textile materials (excl. blankets and travelling rugs, bed-linen, table linen, toilet linen, kitchen linen, curtains, incl. drapes, interior blinds, curtain or bed valances, lampshades and articles of heading 9404)	0.3%
Articles of cutlery, n.e.s., e.g. hair clippers,...Articles of cutlery, n.e.s., e.g. hair clippers, butchers' or kitchen cleavers, choppers and mincing knives and paper knives of base metal; manicure or pedicure sets and instruments, incl. nail files, of base metal	0.2%
Women's or girls' slips, petticoats, briefs,...Women's or girls' slips, petticoats, briefs, panties, nightdresses, pyjamas, negligés, bathrobes, dressing gowns, housecoats and similar articles, knitted or crocheted (excl. t-shirts, vests, brassieres, girdles, corsets and similar articles)	0.2%
Woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarn, incl....Woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarn, incl. monofilament of >= 67 decitex and with a cross sectional dimension of <= 1 mm	0.2%
Men's or boys' underpants, briefs, nightshirts,...Men's or boys' underpants, briefs, nightshirts, pyjamas, bathrobes, dressing gowns and similar articles, knitted or crocheted (excl. vests and singlets)	0.2%
Tarpaulins, awnings and sunblinds; tents; sails...Tarpaulins, awnings and sunblinds; tents; sails for boats, sailboards or landcraft; camping goods of all types of textile materials (excl. flat protective coverings of light woven fabrics; shelter tents; rucksacks, napsacks and similar containers; sleeping bags, mattresses and pillows, incl. their fillings)	0.2%
Meat of sheep or goats, fresh, chilled or frozenMeat of sheep or goats, fresh, chilled or frozen	0.2%
Potatoes, fresh or chilledPotatoes, fresh or chilled	0.2%
Structures and parts of structures "e.g., bridges...Structures and parts of structures "e.g., bridges and bridge-sections, lock-gates, towers, lattice masts, roofs, roofing frameworks, doors and windows and their frames and thresholds for doors, shutters, balustrades, pillars and columns", of iron or steel; plates, rods, angles, shapes, sections, tubes and the like, prepared for use in structures, of iron or steel (excl. prefabricated buildings of heading 9406)	0.2%
Leather further prepared after tanning or crusting...Leather further prepared after tanning or crusting "incl. parchment-dressed leather", of sheep or lambs, without wool on, whether or not split (excl. chamois leather, patent leather and patent laminated leather, and metallized leather)	0.2%
Woven fabrics containing >= 85% synthetic staple...Woven fabrics containing >= 85% synthetic staple fibres by weight	0.2%
Waste and scrap, of copper (excl. ingots or other...Waste and scrap, of copper (excl. ingots or other similar unwrought shapes, of remelted copper waste and scrap, ashes and residues containing copper, and waste and scrap of primary cells, primary batteries and electric accumulators)	0.2%
Air or vacuum pumps (excl. gas compound elevators...Air or vacuum pumps (excl. gas compound elevators and pneumatic elevators and conveyors); air or other gas compressors and fans; ventilating or recycling hoods incorporating a fan, whether or not fitted with filters; parts thereof	0.2%
Articles for the conveyance or packaging of goods,...Articles for the conveyance or packaging of goods, of plastics; stoppers, lids, caps and other closures, of plastics	0.2%
Wheat or meslin flourWheat or meslin flour	0.2%
Track suits, ski suits, swimwear and other...Track suits, ski suits, swimwear and other garments, n.e.s. (excl. knitted or crocheted)	0.2%
Molasses resulting from the extraction or refining...Molasses resulting from the extraction or refining of sugar	0.2%
Turbo-jets, turbo-propellers and other gas...Turbo-jets, turbo-propellers and other gas turbines	0.2%
Cotton waste, incl. yarn waste and garnetted stockCotton waste, incl. yarn waste and garnetted stock	0.2%
Polymers of ethylene, in primary formsPolymers of ethylene, in primary forms	0.2%
Parts suitable for use solely or principally with...Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the machinery of heading 8425 to 8430, n.e.s.	0.2%
Sugar confectionery not containing cocoa, incl....Sugar confectionery not containing cocoa, incl. white chocolate	0.2%
Cotton, carded or combedCotton, carded or combed	0.2%
Ginger, saffron, turmeric "curcuma", thyme, bay...Ginger, saffron, turmeric "curcuma", thyme, bay leaves, curry and other spices (excl. pepper of the genus piper, fruit of the genus capsicum or of the genus pimenta, vanilla, cinnamon, cinnamontree flowers, cloves [wholefruit], clove stems, nutmeg, mace, cardamoms, seeds of anise, badian, fennel, coriander, cumin and caraway, and juniper berries)	0.1%
Tractors (other than tractors of heading 8709)Tractors (other than tractors of heading 8709)	0.1%
Medicaments consisting of two or more constituents...Medicaments consisting of two or more constituents mixed together for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, not in measured doses or put up for retail sale (excl. goods of heading 3002, 3005 or 3006)	0.1%
Vegetable saps and extracts; pectic substances,...Vegetable saps and extracts; pectic substances, pectinates and pectates; agar-agar and other mucilages and thickeners derived from vegetable products, whether or not modified,	0.1%
Table, kitchen or other household articles,...Table, kitchen or other household articles, sanitary ware, and parts thereof, of aluminium, pot scourers and scouring or polishing pads, gloves and the like, of aluminium (excl. cans, boxes and similar containers of heading 7612, articles of the nature of a work implement, spoons, ladles, forks and other articles of heading 8211 to 8215, ornamental articles and fittings)	0.1%
Sacks and bags, of a kind used for the packing of...Sacks and bags, of a kind used for the packing of goods, of all types of textile materials	0.1%
Vegetables, uncooked or cooked by steaming or...Vegetables, uncooked or cooked by steaming or boiling in water, frozen	0.1%
Wadding, gauze, bandages and the like, e.g....Wadding, gauze, bandages and the like, e.g. dressings, adhesive plasters, poultices, impregnated or covered with pharmaceutical substances or put up for retail sale for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary purposes	0.1%
Guts, bladders and stomachs of animals (other than...Guts, bladders and stomachs of animals (other than fish), whole and pieces thereof, fresh, chilled, frozen, salted, in brine, dried or smoked	0.1%
Blankets and travelling rugs of all types of...Blankets and travelling rugs of all types of textile materials (excl. table covers, bedspreads and articles of bedding and similar furnishing of heading 9404)	0.1%
Marble, travertine, ecaussine and other calcareous...Marble, travertine, ecaussine and other calcareous monumental or building stone of an apparent specific gravity of >= 2,5, and alabaster, whether or not roughly trimmed or merely cut, by sawing or otherwise, into blocks or slabs of a square or rectangular shape (excl. in the form of granules, chippings or powder)	0.1%
Dried apricots, prunes, apples, peaches, pears,...Dried apricots, prunes, apples, peaches, pears, papaws "papayas", tamarinds and other edible fruits, and mixtures of edible and dried fruits or of edible nuts (excl. nuts, bananas, dates, figs, pineapples, avocadoes, guavas, mangoes, mangosteens, citrus fruit and grapes, unmixed)	0.1%
Milk and cream, not concentrated nor containing...Milk and cream, not concentrated nor containing added sugar or other sweetening matter	0.1%
Electrical apparatus for line telephony or line...Electrical apparatus for line telephony or line telegraphy, incl. line telephone sets with cordless handsets and telecommunication apparatus for carrier-current line systems or for digital line systems; videophones; parts thereof	0.1%
Babies' garments and clothing accessories, knitted...Babies' garments and clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted (excl. hats)	0.1%
Wadding of textile materials and articles thereof;...Wadding of textile materials and articles thereof; textile fibres with a length of <= 5 mm "flock", textile dust and mill neps (excl. wadding and articles thereof impregnated or coated with pharmaceutical substances or put up for retail sale for medical, surgical, dental or veterinary purposes, and products impregnated, coated or covered with perfumes, cosmetics, soaps etc.)	0.1%
Oil-cake and other solid residues, whether or not...Oil-cake and other solid residues, whether or not ground or in the form of pellets, resulting from the extraction of vegetable fats or oils (excl. from soya-bean oil and ground-nut oil)	0.1%
Polymers of styrene, in primary formsPolymers of styrene, in primary forms	0.1%
Onions, shallots, garlic, leeks and other...Onions, shallots, garlic, leeks and other alliaceous vegetables, fresh or chilled	0.1%
Made up clothing accessories, knitted or...Made up clothing accessories, knitted or crocheted; knitted or crocheted parts of garments or of clothing accessories, n.e.s.	0.1%
Women's or girls' singlets and other vests, slips,...Women's or girls' singlets and other vests, slips, petticoats, briefs, panties, nightdresses, pyjamas, negliges, bathrobes, dressing gowns, housecoats and similar articles (excl. knitted or crocheted, brassières, girdles, corsets and similar articles)	0.1%
Fruit juices, incl. grape must, and vegetable...Fruit juices, incl. grape must, and vegetable juices, unfermented, not containing added spirit, whether or not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter	0.1%
Waste, parings and scrap, of plasticsWaste, parings and scrap, of plastics	0.1%
Cotton yarn containing predominantly, but < 85%...Cotton yarn containing predominantly, but < 85% cotton by weight (excl. sewing thread and yarn put up for retail sale)	0.1%
See More Products	59.9%

Main Imports (% of Imports)	2010
Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous...Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals (excl. crude); preparations containing >= 70% by weight of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these oils being the basic constituents of the preparations, n.e.s.; waste oils containing mainly petroleum or bituminous minerals	19.3%
Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous...Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude	9.4%
Palm oil and its fractions, whether or not refined...Palm oil and its fractions, whether or not refined (excl. chemically modified)	4.4%
Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in...Cane or beet sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form	2.2%
Cotton, neither carded nor combedCotton, neither carded nor combed	2.0%
Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally...Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, incl. station wagons and racing cars (excl. motor vehicles of heading 8702)	1.6%
Electric generating sets and rotary convertersElectric generating sets and rotary converters	1.6%
Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of...Ferrous waste and scrap; remelting scrap ingots of iron or steel (excl. slag, scale and other waste from the production of iron or steel; radioactive waste and scrap; fragments of pigs, blocks or other primary forms of pig iron or spiegeleisen)	1.5%
Rape or colza seeds, whether or not brokenRape or colza seeds, whether or not broken	1.5%
Vessels and other floating structures for breaking...Vessels and other floating structures for breaking up	1.3%
Coal; briquettes, ovoids and similar solid fuels...Coal; briquettes, ovoids and similar solid fuels manufactured from coal	1.3%
Polymers of ethylene, in primary formsPolymers of ethylene, in primary forms	1.2%
Transmission apparatus for radio-telephony,...Transmission apparatus for radio-telephony, radio-telegraphy, radio-broadcasting or television, whether or not incorporating reception apparatus or sound recording or reproducing apparatus; television cameras; still image video cameras and other video camera recorders; digital cameras	1.2%
Cyclic hydrocarbonsCyclic hydrocarbons	1.2%
Electrical apparatus for line telephony or line...Electrical apparatus for line telephony or line telegraphy, incl. line telephone sets with cordless handsets and telecommunication apparatus for carrier-current line systems or for digital line systems; videophones; parts thereof	1.1%
Polymers of propylene or of other olefins, in...Polymers of propylene or of other olefins, in primary forms	1.0%
Mineral or chemical fertilizers containing two or...Mineral or chemical fertilizers containing two or three of the fertilizing elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; other fertilizers (excl. pure animal or vegetable fertilizers or mineral or chemical nitrogenous, phosphatic or potassic fertilizers); animal, vegetable, mineral or chemical fertilizers in tablets or similar forms or in packages of a gross weight of <= 10 kg	1.0%
Dried leguminous vegetables, shelled, whether or...Dried leguminous vegetables, shelled, whether or not skinned or split	1.0%
Synthetic filament yarn, incl. synthetic...Synthetic filament yarn, incl. synthetic monofilaments of < 67 decitex (excl. sewing thread and yarn put up for retail sale)	0.9%
Acyclic alcohols and their halogenated,...Acyclic alcohols and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives	0.9%
Tea, whether or not flavouredTea, whether or not flavoured	0.8%
Light-vessels, fire-floats, dredgers, floating...Light-vessels, fire-floats, dredgers, floating cranes, and other vessels the navigability of which is subsidiary to their main function; floating docks, floating or submersible drilling or production platforms (excl. fishing vessels and warships)	0.8%
Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel,...Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced", clad, plated or coated	0.8%
Medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed...Medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, put up in measured doses "incl. those in the form of transdermal administration" or in forms or packings for retail sale (excl. goods of heading 3002, 3005 or 3006)	0.7%
Air or vacuum pumps (excl. gas compound elevators...Air or vacuum pumps (excl. gas compound elevators and pneumatic elevators and conveyors); air or other gas compressors and fans; ventilating or recycling hoods incorporating a fan, whether or not fitted with filters; parts thereof	0.7%
Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel,...Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width >= 600 mm, hot-rolled, not clad, plated or coated	0.7%
Mineral or chemical nitrogenous fertilizers (excl....Mineral or chemical nitrogenous fertilizers (excl. those in pellet or similar forms, or in packages with a gross weight of <= 10 kg)	0.7%
Diphosphorus pentaoxide; phosphoric acid;...Diphosphorus pentaoxide; phosphoric acid; polyphosphoric acids, whether or not chemically defined	0.6%
Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel,...Flat-rolled products of iron or non-alloy steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, cold-rolled "cold-reduced", not clad, plated or coated	0.6%
Synthetic staple fibres, not carded, combed or...Synthetic staple fibres, not carded, combed or otherwise processed for spinning	0.6%
Turbo-jets, turbo-propellers and other gas...Turbo-jets, turbo-propellers and other gas turbines	0.5%
Human blood; animal blood prepared for therapeutic...Human blood; animal blood prepared for therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic uses; antisera and other blood fractions and modified immunological products, whether or not obtained by means of biotechnological processes; vaccines, toxins, cultures of micro-organisms (excl. yeasts) and similar products	0.5%
Electrical transformers, static converters, e.g....Electrical transformers, static converters, e.g. rectifiers, and inductors; parts thereof	0.4%
Automatic data processing machines and units...Automatic data processing machines and units thereof; magnetic or optical readers, machines for transcribing data onto data media in coded form and machines for processing such data, n.e.s.	0.4%
Synthetic organic colouring matter, whether or not...Synthetic organic colouring matter, whether or not chemically defined; preparations based on synthetic organic colouring matter of a kind used to dye fabrics or produce colorant preparations; synthetic organic products of a kind used as fluorescent brightening agents or as luminophores, whether or not chemically defined (excl. preparations of heading 3207, 3208, 3209, 3210, 3213 and 3215)	0.4%
Insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, herbicides...Insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides, herbicides, anti-sprouting products and plant-growth regulators, disinfectants and similar products, put up for retail sale or as preparations or articles, e.g. sulphur-treated bands, wicks and candles, and fly-papers	0.4%
New pneumatic tyres, of rubberNew pneumatic tyres, of rubber	0.4%
Artificial staple fibres, not carded, combed or...Artificial staple fibres, not carded, combed or otherwise processed for spinning	0.4%
Instruments and appliances used in medical,...Instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences, incl. scintigraphic apparatus, other electro-medical apparatus and sight-testing instruments, n.e.s.	0.4%
Parts and accessories for tractors, motor vehicles...Parts and accessories for tractors, motor vehicles for the transport of ten or more persons, motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons, motor vehicles for the transport of goods and special purpose motor vehicles of heading 8701 to 8705, n.e.s.	0.4%
Tractors (other than tractors of heading 8709)Tractors (other than tractors of heading 8709)	0.4%
Oil-cake and other solid residues, whether or not...Oil-cake and other solid residues, whether or not ground or in the form of pellets, resulting from the extraction of soya-bean oil	0.4%
Machines for preparing textile fibres; spinning,...Machines for preparing textile fibres; spinning, doubling or twisting machines and other machinery for producing textile yarns (excl. machines of heading 8444); textile reeling or winding, incl. weft-winding, machines, and machines for preparing textile yarns for use on the machines of heading 8446 or 8447	0.3%
Motor vehicles for the transport of goods, incl....Motor vehicles for the transport of goods, incl. chassis with engine and cab	0.3%
Prepared binders for foundry moulds or cores;...Prepared binders for foundry moulds or cores; chemical products and preparations for the chemical or allied industries, incl. mixtures of natural products, n.e.s.	0.3%
Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, unwrought...Gold, incl. gold plated with platinum, unwrought or not further worked than semi-manufactured or in powder form	0.3%
Machines and mechanical appliances having...Machines and mechanical appliances having individual functions, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter; parts thereof	0.3%
Parts of aircraft and spacecraft of heading 8801...Parts of aircraft and spacecraft of heading 8801 or 8802, n.e.s.	0.3%
Worn clothing and clothing accessories, blankets...Worn clothing and clothing accessories, blankets and travelling rugs, household linen and articles for interior furnishing, of all types of textile materials, incl. all types of footwear and headgear, showing signs of appreciable wear and presented in bulk or in bales, sacks or similar packings (excl. carpets, other floor coverings and tapestries)	0.3%
Uncoated kraft paper and paperboard, in rolls of a...Uncoated kraft paper and paperboard, in rolls of a width > 36 cm or in square or rectangular sheets with one side > 36 cm and the other side > 15 cm in the unfolded state (excl. goods of heading 4802 or 4803)	0.3%
Pumps for liquids, whether or not fitted with a...Pumps for liquids, whether or not fitted with a measuring device (excl. ceramic pumps and secretion aspirating pumps for medical use and medical pumps carried on or implanted in the body); liquid elevators (excl. pumps); parts thereof	0.3%
Electric filament or discharge lamps, incl. sealed...Electric filament or discharge lamps, incl. sealed beam lamp units and ultra-violet or infra-red lamps; arc-lamps; parts thereof	0.3%
Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom[s...Heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom[s] only	0.3%
Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for...Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, incl. pressure-reducing valves and thermostatically controlled valves; parts thereof	0.3%
Centrifuges, incl. centrifugal dryers (excl. those...Centrifuges, incl. centrifugal dryers (excl. those for isotope separation); filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus, for liquids or gases; parts thereof (excl. artificial kidneys)	0.3%
Artificial filament yarn, incl. artificial...Artificial filament yarn, incl. artificial monofilament of < 67 decitex (excl. sewing thread and yarn put up for retail sale)	0.3%
Special purpose motor vehicles (other than those...Special purpose motor vehicles (other than those principally designed for the transport of persons or goods), e.g. breakdown lorries, crane lorries, fire fighting vehicles, concrete-mixer lorries, road sweeper lorries, spraying lorries, mobile workshops and mobile radiological units	0.3%
Structures and parts of structures "e.g., bridges...Structures and parts of structures "e.g., bridges and bridge-sections, lock-gates, towers, lattice masts, roofs, roofing frameworks, doors and windows and their frames and thresholds for doors, shutters, balustrades, pillars and columns", of iron or steel; plates, rods, angles, shapes, sections, tubes and the like, prepared for use in structures, of iron or steel (excl. prefabricated buildings of heading 9406)	0.3%
Parts suitable for use solely or principally with...Parts suitable for use solely or principally with internal combustion piston engine of heading 8407 or 8408	0.3%
Polyacetals, other polyethers and epoxide resins,...Polyacetals, other polyethers and epoxide resins, in primary forms; polycarbonates, alkyd resins, polyallyl esters and other polyesters, in primary forms	0.3%
Machinery, plant or laboratory equipment whether...Machinery, plant or laboratory equipment whether or not electrically heated (excl. furnaces, ovens and other equipment of heading 8514), for the treatment of materials by a process involving a change of temperature such as heating, cooking, roasting, distilling, rectifying, sterilizing, pasteurizing, steaming, drying, evaporating, vapourizing, condensing or cooling (excl. those used for domestic purposes); instantaneous or storage water heaters, non-electric; parts thereof	0.2%
Organic surface-active agents (excl. soap);...Organic surface-active agents (excl. soap); surface-active preparations, washing preparations, incl. auxiliary washing preparations, and cleaning preparations, whether or not containing soap (excl. those of heading 3401)	0.2%
Natural rubber, balata, gutta-percha, guayule,...Natural rubber, balata, gutta-percha, guayule, chicle and similar natural gums, in primary forms or in plates, sheets or strip	0.2%
Weaving machines "looms"Weaving machines "looms"	0.2%
Onions, shallots, garlic, leeks and other...Onions, shallots, garlic, leeks and other alliaceous vegetables, fresh or chilled	0.2%
Other nuts, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled...Other nuts, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled (excl. coconuts, brazil nuts and cashew nuts)	0.2%
Oxygen-function amino-compoundsOxygen-function amino-compounds	0.2%
AntibioticsAntibiotics	0.2%
Printing machinery used for printing by means of...Printing machinery used for printing by means of the printing type, blocks, plates, cylinders and other printing components of heading 8442 and ink-jet printing machines (excl. hectograph or stencil duplicating machines, addressing machines and other office printing machines of heading 8469 to 8472); machines for uses ancillary to printing, for the feeding, carriage or further processing of sheets or webs of paper; parts thereof	0.2%
Copper, refined, and copper alloys, unwrought ...Copper, refined, and copper alloys, unwrought (excl. copper alloys of heading 7405)	0.2%
Unwrought aluminiumUnwrought aluminium	0.2%
Synthetic rubber and factice derived from oils, in...Synthetic rubber and factice derived from oils, in primary forms or in plates, sheets or strip; mixtures of natural rubber, balata, gutta-percha, guayule, chicle or similar types of natural rubber with synthetic rubber or factice, in primary forms or in plates, sheets or strip	0.2%
Insulated "incl. enamelled or anodised" wire,...Insulated "incl. enamelled or anodised" wire, cable "incl. coaxial cable" and other insulated electric conductors, whether or not fitted with connectors; optical fibre cables, made-up of individually sheathed fibres, whether or not assembled with electric conductors or fitted with connectors	0.2%
Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of...Tubes, pipes and hollow profiles, seamless, of iron or steel (excl. products of cast iron)	0.2%
Air conditioning machines comprising a...Air conditioning machines comprising a motor-driven fan and elements for changing the temperature and humidity, incl. those machines in which the humidity cannot be separately regulated; parts thereof	0.2%
Motor-cycles, incl. mopeds, and cycles fitted with...Motor-cycles, incl. mopeds, and cycles fitted with an auxiliary motor, with or without side-cars; side-cars	0.2%
Machinery (excl. of heading 8450) for washing,...Machinery (excl. of heading 8450) for washing, cleaning, wringing, drying, ironing, pressing incl. fusing presses, bleaching, dyeing, dressing, finishing, coating or impregnating textile yarns, fabrics or made-up textile articles and for applying paste to the base fabric or other support used in the manufacture of floor coverings like linoleum; machines for reeling, unreeling, folding, cutting or pinking textile fabrics; parts thereof	0.2%
Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders,...Self-propelled bulldozers, angledozers, graders, levellers, scrapers, mechanical shovels, excavators, shovel loaders, tamping machines and road rollers	0.2%
Paper and paperboard, coated on one or both sides...Paper and paperboard, coated on one or both sides with kaolin "china clay" or other inorganic substances, whith or without a binder, and with no other coating, whether or not surface-coloured, surface-decorated or printed, in rolls or in square or rectangular sheets, of any size (excl. all other coated papers and paperboards)	0.2%
Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of...Plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of non-cellular plastics, not reinforced, laminated, supported or similarly combined with other materials, without backing, unworked or merely surface-worked or merely cut into squares or rectangles (excl. self-adhesive products, and floor, wall and ceiling coverings of heading 3918)	0.2%
Machinery for working rubber or plastics or for...Machinery for working rubber or plastics or for the manufacture of products from these materials, not specified or included elsewhere in this chapter, parts thereof	0.2%
Halogenated derivatives of hydrocarbonsHalogenated derivatives of hydrocarbons	0.2%
Flat-rolled products of stainless steel, of a...Flat-rolled products of stainless steel, of a width of >= 600 mm, hot-rolled or cold-rolled "cold-reduced"	0.2%
Jute and other textile bast fibres, raw or...Jute and other textile bast fibres, raw or processed, but not spun; tow and waste of such fibres, incl. yarn waste and garnetted stock (excl. flax, true hemp and ramie)	0.2%
Knitting machines, stitch-bonding machines and...Knitting machines, stitch-bonding machines and machines for making gimped yarn, tulle, lace, embroidery, trimmings, braid or net and machines for tufting (excl. hem-stiching machines)	0.2%
Anti-knock preparations, oxidation inhibitors, gum...Anti-knock preparations, oxidation inhibitors, gum inhibitors, viscosity improvers, anti-corrosive preparations and other prepared additives, for mineral oils, incl. gasoline, or for other liquids used for the same purposes as mineral oils	0.2%
Milk and cream, concentrated or containing added...Milk and cream, concentrated or containing added sugar or other sweetening matter	0.2%
Parts and accessories for motor-cycles and...Parts and accessories for motor-cycles and bicycles and for carriages for disabled persons, n.e.s.	0.2%
Auxiliary machinery for use with machines of...Auxiliary machinery for use with machines of heading 8444, 8445, 8446 or 8447, e.g. dobbies, jacquards, automatic stop motions, shuttle changing mechanisms; parts and accessories suitable for use solely or principally with the machines of this heading or of heading 8444, 8445, 8446 or 8447, e.g. spindles and spindle flyers, card clothing, combs, extruding nipples, shuttles, healds and heald-frames, hosiery needles	0.2%
Transmission shafts, incl. camshafts and...Transmission shafts, incl. camshafts and crankshafts, and cranks; bearing housings and plain shaft bearings for machines; gears and gearing; ball or roller screws, gear boxes and other speed changers, incl. torque converters; flywheels and pulleys, incl. pulley blocks, clutches and shaft couplings, incl. universal joints; parts thereof	0.2%
Ball or roller bearings (excl. steel balls of...Ball or roller bearings (excl. steel balls of heading 7326); parts thereof	0.2%
Prepared unrecorded media for sound recording or...Prepared unrecorded media for sound recording or similar recording of other phenomena (excl. products of chapter 37)	0.2%
Dish washing machines; machinery for cleaning or...Dish washing machines; machinery for cleaning or drying bottles or other containers; machinery for filling, closing, sealing or labelling bottles, cans, boxes, bags or other containers; machinery for capsuling bottles, jars, tubes and similar containers; other packing or wrapping machinery, incl. heat-shrink wrapping machinery; machinery for aerating beverages; parts thereof	0.2%
Steam or other vapour generating boilers (excl....Steam or other vapour generating boilers (excl. central heating hot water boilers capable also of producing low pressure steam); super-heated water boilers; parts thereof	0.2%
Electric motors and generators (excl. generating...Electric motors and generators (excl. generating sets)	0.2%
Soya-bean oil and its fractions, whether or not...Soya-bean oil and its fractions, whether or not refined (excl. chemically modified)	0.2%
Saturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids and their...Saturated acyclic monocarboxylic acids and their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives	0.2%
Toilet paper and similar paper, cellulose wadding...Toilet paper and similar paper, cellulose wadding or webs of cellulose fibres, of a kind used for household or sanitary purposes, in rolls of a width <= 36 cm, or cut to size or shape; handkerchiefs, cleansing tissues, towels, tablecloths, serviettes, napkins for babies, tampons, bed sheets and similar household, sanitary or hospital articles, articles of apparel and clothing accessories, of paper pulp, paper, cellulose wadding or webs of cellulose fibres	0.2%
Woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarn, incl....Woven fabrics of synthetic filament yarn, incl. monofilament of >= 67 decitex and with a cross sectional dimension of <= 1 mm	0.1%
Refrigerators, freezers and other refrigerating or...Refrigerators, freezers and other refrigerating or freezing equipment, electric or other; heat pumps; parts thereof (excl. air conditioning machines of heading 8415)	0.1%
Chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate (excl....Chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate (excl. dissolving grades)	0.1%
Petroleum gas and other gaseous hydrocarbonsPetroleum gas and other gaseous hydrocarbons	0.1%
Ships' derricks; cranes, incl. cable cranes (excl....Ships' derricks; cranes, incl. cable cranes (excl. wheel-mounted cranes and vehicle cranes for railways); mobile lifting frames, straddle carriers and works trucks fitted with a crane	0.1%
Unwrought lead :Unwrought lead :	0.1%
Containers of iron or steel, for compressed or...Containers of iron or steel, for compressed or liquefied gas (excl. containers specifically constructed or equipped for one or more types of transport)	0.1%
Inorganic or mineral colouring matter, n.e.s.;...Inorganic or mineral colouring matter, n.e.s.; preparations based on inorganic or mineral colouring matter of a kind used to dye fabrics or produce colorant preparations (excl. preparations of heading 3207, 3208, 3209, 3210, 3213 and 3215); inorganic products of a kind used as luminophores, whether or not chemically defined	0.1%
Parts suitable for use solely or principally with...Parts suitable for use solely or principally with the machinery of heading 8425 to 8430, n.e.s.	0.1%
Parts suitable for use solely or principally with...Parts suitable for use solely or principally with electric motors and generators, electric generating sets and rotary converters, n.e.s.	0.1%
Seeds, fruits and spores, for sowing (excl....Seeds, fruits and spores, for sowing (excl. leguminous vegetables and sweetcorn, coffee, tea, mate and spices, cereals, oil seeds and oleaginous fruits, and seeds and fruit used primarily in perfumery, medicaments or for insecticidal, fungicidal or similar purposes)	0.1%
Nitrile-function compoundsNitrile-function compounds	0.1%
Electrical apparatus for switching or protecting...Electrical apparatus for switching or protecting electrical circuits, or for making connections to or in electrical circuits, e.g., switches, relays, fuses, surge suppressors, plugs, sockets, lamp-holders and junction boxes, for a voltage <= 1.000 v (excl. control desks, cabinets, panels etc. of heading 8537)	0.1%
Nucleic acids and their salts, whether or not...Nucleic acids and their salts, whether or not chemically defined; heterocyclic compounds (excl. with oxygen only or with nitrogen hetero-atom[s] only)	0.1%
Polycarboxylic acids, their anhydrides, halides,...Polycarboxylic acids, their anhydrides, halides, peroxides and peroxyacids; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives	0.1%
Acyclic hydrocarbonsAcyclic hydrocarbons	0.1%
Uncoated paper and paperboard, of a kind used for...Uncoated paper and paperboard, of a kind used for writing, printing or other graphic purposes, and non-perforated punch-cards and punch tape paper, in rolls or in square or rectangular sheets, of any size, and hand-made paper and paperboard (excl. newsprint of heading 4801 and paper and paperboard of heading 4803)	0.1%
Newsprint, in rolls of a width > 36 cm or in...Newsprint, in rolls of a width > 36 cm or in square or rectangular sheets with one side > 36 cm and the other side > 15 cm in the unfolded state	0.1%
Bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel,...Bars and rods of iron or non-alloy steel, hot-rolled, in irregularly wound coils	0.1%
Mixed alkylbenzenes and mixed alkylnaphthalenes...Mixed alkylbenzenes and mixed alkylnaphthalenes produced by the alkylation of benzene and naphthalene (excl. mixed isomers of cyclic hydrocarbons)	0.1%
Lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery,...Lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery, e.g. lifts, escalators, conveyors, teleferics (excl. pulley tackle and hoists, winches and capstans, jacks, cranes of all kinds, mobile lifting frames and straddle carriers, works trucks fitted with a crane, fork-lift trucks and other works trucks fitted with lifting or handling equipment)	0.1%
Ginger, saffron, turmeric "curcuma", thyme, bay...Ginger, saffron, turmeric "curcuma", thyme, bay leaves, curry and other spices (excl. pepper of the genus piper, fruit of the genus capsicum or of the genus pimenta, vanilla, cinnamon, cinnamontree flowers, cloves [wholefruit], clove stems, nutmeg, mace, cardamoms, seeds of anise, badian, fennel, coriander, cumin and caraway, and juniper berries)	0.1%
Organo-sulphur compoundsOrgano-sulphur compounds	0.1%
Semi-finished products of iron or non-alloy steelSemi-finished products of iron or non-alloy steel	0.1%
Fats of bovine animals, sheep or goats (excl. lard...Fats of bovine animals, sheep or goats (excl. lard stearin, lard oil, oleostearin, oleooil and tallow oil, not emulsified or mixed or otherwise prepared)	0.1%
Wheat or meslin flourWheat or meslin flour	0.1%
Polymers of vinyl chloride or of other halogenated...Polymers of vinyl chloride or of other halogenated olefins, in primary forms	0.1%
Mixtures of odoriferous substances and mixtures,...Mixtures of odoriferous substances and mixtures, incl. alcoholic solutions, based on one or more of these substances, of a kind used as raw materials in industry; other preparations based on odoriferous substances, of a kind used for the manufacture of beverages	0.1%
Natural calcium phosphates and natural aluminium...Natural calcium phosphates and natural aluminium calcium phosphates, natural and phosphatic chalk	0.1%
Aluminium foil, "whether or not printed or backed...Aluminium foil, "whether or not printed or backed with paper, paperboard, plastics or similar backing materials", of a thickness "excl. any backing" of <= 0,2 mm (excl. stamping foils of heading 3212, christmas tree decorating material)	0.1%
Wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or barked,...Wood sawn or chipped lengthwise, sliced or barked, whether or not planed, sanded or end-jointed, of a thickness of > 6 mm	0.1%
Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats,...Malt extract; food preparations of flour, groats, meal, starch or malt extract, not containing cocoa or containing < 40% by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, n.e.s.; food preparations of milk, cream, butter milk, sour milk, sour cream, whey, yoghourt, kefir, and similar goods of heading 0401 to 0404, not containing cocoa or containing < 5% by weight of cocoa calculated on a totally defatted basis, n.e.s.	0.1%
Parts of railway or tramway locomotives or...Parts of railway or tramway locomotives or rolling-stock, n.e.s.	0.1%
Tomatoes, fresh or chilledTomatoes, fresh or chilled	0.1%
Steam turbines and other vapour turbines; parts...Steam turbines and other vapour turbines; parts thereof	0.1%
Articles of plastics and articles of other...Articles of plastics and articles of other materials of heading 3901 to 3914, n.e.s.	0.1%
Waste and scrap, of aluminium (excl. slags, scale...Waste and scrap, of aluminium (excl. slags, scale and the like from iron and steel production, containing recoverable aluminium in the form of silicates, ingots or other similar unwrought shapes, of remelted waste and scrap, of aluminium, ashes and residues from aluminium production)	0.1%
Diagnostic or laboratory reagents on a backing,...Diagnostic or laboratory reagents on a backing, prepared diagnostic or laboratory reagents whether or not on a backing, and certified reference materials (excl. compound diagnostic reagents designed to be administered to the patient, blood-grouping reagents, animal blood prepared for therapeutic, prophylactic or diagnostic uses and vaccines, toxins, cultures of micro-organisms and similar products)	0.1%
Instruments and apparatus for physical or chemical...Instruments and apparatus for physical or chemical analysis, e.g. polarimeters, refractometers, spectrometers, gas or smoke analysis apparatus; instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking viscosity, porosity, expansion, surface tension or the like; instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking quantities of heat, sound or light, incl. exposure meters; microtomes	0.1%
Polymers of styrene, in primary formsPolymers of styrene, in primary forms	0.1%
Regulating or controlling instruments and...Regulating or controlling instruments and apparatus (excl. taps, cocks and valves of heading 8481)	0.1%
Paper, paperboard, cellulose wadding and webs of...Paper, paperboard, cellulose wadding and webs of cellulose fibres, coated, impregnated, covered, surface-coloured, surface-decorated or printed, in rolls or in square or rectangular sheets, of any size (excl. goods of heading 4803, 4809 and 4810)	0.1%
Lubricant preparations, incl. cutting-oil...Lubricant preparations, incl. cutting-oil preparations, bolt or nut release preparations, anti-rust or anti-corrosion preparations and mould release preparations based on lubricants; textile lubricant preparations and preparations of a kind used for the oil or grease treatment of textile materials, leather, furskins or other materials (excl. preparations containing, as basic constituents, >= 70% petroleum oil or bituminous mineral oil by weight)	0.1%
Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of...Articles of jewellery and parts thereof, of precious metal or of metal clad with precious metal (excl. articles > 100 years old)	0.1%
Parts suitable for use solely or principally with...Parts suitable for use solely or principally with transmission and reception apparatus for radio-telephony, radio-telegraphy, radio-broadcasting, television, television cameras, still image video cameras and other video camera recorders, radar apparatus, radio navigational aid apparatus or radio remote control apparatus, n.e.s.	0.1%
Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their...Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their fractions, partly or wholly hydrogenated, inter-esterified, re-esterified or elaidinized, whether or not refined, but not further prepared	0.1%
Tube or pipe fittings "e.g. couplings, elbows,...Tube or pipe fittings "e.g. couplings, elbows, sleeves", of iron or steel	0.1%
Artificial filament tow as specified in note 1 to...Artificial filament tow as specified in note 1 to chapter 55	0.1%
Electronic integrated circuits and microassembliesElectronic integrated circuits and microassemblies	0.1%
See More Products	62.7%

Source: Comtrade, Last Available Data

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Sources of General Economic Information

Ministries: Government ministries and departments
Ministry of Commerce
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Economic Affairs & Statistics
Statistical Office: Statistics office
Central Bank: State Bank of Pakistan
Stock Exchange: Islamabad Stock Exchange
Karachi Stock Exchange
Lahore Stock Exchange
Search Engines: Google Pakistan
Yahoo Pakistan
Paki Search
Pakistan Services
Pakistan Webs Directory
Pak Avenue
Pak.org
OPD - Pakistan
Economic Portals

Political Outline

Executive Power: President is the chief of state and is elected by the parliament for a five-year term. President is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Though President is supposed to have a largely ceremonial role but military Presidents have played an influential role in country's mainstream politics throughout Pakistan's history. Prime Minister is elected by the lower house of the parliament through a vote for a five-year term. Prime Minister is the head of the government and enjoys the executive powers which include implementation of the law and running the day-to-day affairs of the country. The council of ministers (cabinet) is appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Legislative Power: The legislature in Pakistan is bicameral. The parliament consists of: Senate (the upper house) having 100 seats, with its members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies to serve six-year terms; and National Assembly (the lower house) having 342 seats, with its members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms. President can be impeached and removed from its office by two-third majority vote of the National Assembly, but the constitution of the country also gives the President the unique power to dissolve the National Assembly and also to dismiss the Prime Minister. Prime Minister cannot dissolve the parliament . The people of Pakistan still have limited political rights.
Main Political Parties: Pakistan has a multi-party system in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments. Some of the major political parties in the country are:
- PML(Q) (Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid-e-Azam) - centrist conservative political party derived from the original Pakistan Muslim League which had laid foundation of the state of Pakistan;
- PPPP(Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarian) – a mainstream political party derived out of Pakistan Peoples Party, MMA (Muttahhida Majlis-e-Amal Pakistan) - a coalition of Islamic religious parties;
- PLM-N (Pakistan Muslim League - Nawaz group) – also derived from the original Pakistan Muslim League;
- MQM (Muhajir Qaumi Movement) - originally an ethnic student’s organization but now more known for its terrorist activites.
Note: Name and alliances of political parties in Pakistan keep on changing frequently.
Current Political Leaders: President: Asif Ali ZARDARI (since September 2008)
Prime Minister: Syed Yousuf Raza GILANI (since March 2008)
Next Election Dates: Presidential: Year 2013
National Assembly: 2013

Indicator of Freedom of the Press

World Rank:: 151/179
Evolution:: same place compared to 2010

Source: Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2011, Reporters Without Borders

Note: The world rankings, published annually, measures the violations of press freedom worldwide. It reflects the degree of freedom enjoyed by journalists, the media and digital citizens of each country and the means used by states to respect and uphold this freedom. Finally, a note and a position is assigned to each country. To compile this index, Reporters Without Borders (RWB) prepared a questionnaire sent to partner organizations,150 RWB correspondents, journalists, researchers, jurists and activists of human rights, including the main criteria - 44 in total - to assess the situation of press freedom in a given country. It includes every kind of direct attacks against journalists and digital citizens (murders, imprisonment, assault, threats, etc.) or against the media (censorship, confiscation, searches and harassment etc.).

Indicator of Political Freedom

Ranking:: Partly Free
Political Freedom:: 4/7
Civil Liberties:: 5/7

Map of freedom 2010
Source: Freedom House

Note: The Indicator of Political Freedom provides an annual evaluation of the state of freedom in a country as experienced by individuals. The survey measures freedom according to two broad categories: political rights and civil liberties. The ratings process is based on a checklist of 10 political rights questions (on Electoral Process, Political Pluralism and Participation, Functioning of Government) and 15 civil liberties questions (on Freedom of Expression, Belief, Associational and Organizational Rights, Rule of Law, Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights). Scores are awarded to each of these questions on a scale of 0 to 4, where a score of 0 represents the smallest degree and 4 the greatest degree of rights or liberties present. The total score awarded to the political rights and civil liberties checklist determines the political rights and civil liberties rating. Each rating of 1 through 7, with 1 representing the highest and 7 the lowest level of freedom, corresponds to a range of total scores.

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